Studies show untreated depression can alter brain structure, memory, and emotional regulation.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is not just prolonged sadness. Research shows that untreated depression can cause structural and functional changes in the brain, especially in areas linked to memory, emotions, and decision-making.
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Depression Can Affect Brain Function and Memory
Brain imaging studies found changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and thalamus. Experts say longer periods of untreated depression may increase brain shrinkage and disrupt communication between brain cells (1✔ ✔Trusted Source
Brain changes in depression
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).
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Stress and Neuroplasticity Play a Major Role
Researchers explain that chronic stress increases cortisol levels, which may damage neurons and reduce neuroplasticity — the brain’s ability to adapt and heal. The hippocampus, which controls learning and memory, is particularly vulnerable in depression.
Hyperactivity in the amygdala, the brain’s emotional center, has also been linked to anxiety, intrusive thoughts, and rumination in people with depression (1✔ ✔Trusted Source
Brain changes in depression
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Common Symptoms of Major Depression
Symptoms of MDD include:
- Persistent sadness
- Loss of interest in activities
- Sleep and appetite changes
- Fatigue
- Poor concentration
- Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
- Thoughts of death or suicide (2✔ ✔Trusted Source
How untreated depression changes the brainGo to source
)
Early Treatment May Reverse Brain Changes
Experts say effective treatment can improve many of the brain changes linked to depression. antidepressants, psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may help restore brain function
(1✔ ✔Trusted Source
Brain changes in depression
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).
Studies also show that antidepressants may support neurogenesis, the growth of new brain cells, especially in the hippocampus.
Researchers emphasize that early diagnosis and treatment are important to protect mental and brain health.
References:
- Brain changes in depression – (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7864313/)
- How untreated depression changes the brain – (https://www.ucihealth.org/blog/2024/05/major-depressive-disorder)
Source-Medindia
