Near-retirement couple drinking tea outside on a trip
After decades of paying into the system, it’s easy to see Social Security as a personal nest egg that you can tap into on your own terms.
But in reality, the Social Security system functions more like a federally administered social insurance program than a personal savings account. Some aspects are mandatory, and certain rules may limit when and how you can access benefits.
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Here are five key rules and requirements the Social Security Administration (SSA) may impose under specific circumstances.
1. IRMMAA surcharges after selling a primary residence
Considering the name, it’s easy to assume that the Income-Related Monthly Adjustment Amount (IRMAA) only applies to high-income earners. On paper, that’s generally true.
For 2026 Medicare premiums (based on 2024 tax returns), IRMAA begins at modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) above $218,000 for married couples filing jointly and $109,000 for single filers (1).
But many people overlook the fact that selling their family home could increase their MAGI in the year of sale, potentially triggering IRMAA surcharges on Medicare Part B and Part D premiums. The SSA does not treat this as a “penalty,” but it will apply higher premiums if your reported income exceeds the thresholds — even if the income spike was due to a one-time transaction.
To be fair, the Internal Revenue Service’s capital gains exclusion of $250,000 for singles and $500,000 for married couples may reduce or eliminate taxable gains from the sale of a primary residence, and only taxable gains are included in MAGI for IRMAA purposes (2).
However, many older Americans who have owned their homes for decades in high-cost cities could still realize taxable gains above those exclusion limits.
If putting your home up for sale is a key part of your retirement plan, be aware that a large taxable gain could temporarily increase your Medicare premiums.
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2. How deemed filing affects spousal benefits
For married retirees, the SSA administers rules that can affect how and when each spouse claims benefits.
For instance, the deemed filing rule generally requires that if you apply for either your own retirement benefit or a spousal benefit, you are considered to have applied for both, if you are eligible for both at the time of filing (3).
In other words, if you’re over the age of 62 and eligible for both benefits, you can’t choose to claim only a spousal benefit while delaying your own retirement benefit. This can reduce your ability to let your own retirement benefit grow through delayed retirement credits beyond full retirement age.
3. Mandatory coordination rules for widows and widowers
Survivor benefits come with their own set of rules.
If you qualify for both survivor benefits and your own retirement benefit, you may choose which benefit to claim first, if eligible. However, if you apply for one type of benefit and are eligible for the other, Social Security may automatically pay the higher benefit amount. This can affect strategies that involve switching benefits later. (4)
Similarly, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients must pursue any available Social Security benefits. If you are eligible for survivor or retirement payments, you are required to apply for them to maintain SSI eligibility (5).
In other words, you can’t decline Social Security benefits you are entitled to receive in order to preserve means-tested aid.
4. Reporting requirements and program oversight
Once you’re a beneficiary of the system, you must report any major changes to your life promptly to help maintain your eligibility. For example, SSA beneficiaries are generally required to report changes in marital status, income, or living situation, typically by the 10th day of the month following the month the change occurred (6).
SSI recipients have additional and more detailed reporting requirements compared to standard retirement or survivor beneficiaries (7). In some cases, the SSA also has data-sharing agreements with other federal agencies — including the Department of Homeland Security — to verify information such as travel or immigration status when relevant to eligibility (8).
These reporting and verification measures are primarily used to prevent and identify overpayments. If the SSA determines you were overpaid, it can require repayment or adjust future benefit payments to recover the amount owed.
5. Assignment of a representative payee
If the SSA determines you can no longer manage your benefits — typically due to medical impairment, cognitive decline, or other documented limitations — the agency may assign a representative payee to manage payments on your behalf (7). This person or organization receives and manages your benefits to ensure they are used for your care and basic needs.
The SSA generally prefers to appoint a trusted family member or close friend as a representative payee. If no suitable individual is available, the agency may appoint a qualified organization to serve in that role.
Simply put, the SSA can require you to receive benefits through a representative payee if it determines you need one. If you disagree with that determination, you typically have the right to appeal the decision within 60 days.
A surprising exemption
This long list of requirements also includes notable exemptions from the payroll taxes that fund Social Security and are often viewed as mandatory.
Some state and local government workers are excluded if their employers operate independent public pension systems instead of participating in Social Security — a structure that covers millions of public-sector employees such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters.
Members of certain religious groups may opt out of Social Security if they formally object to public insurance and meet strict federal requirements. Some nonresident foreign workers and diplomats are exempt under international agreements. In addition, students working for their universities and certain family employees may avoid payroll taxes in specific circumstances.
In short, Social Security is a complex system with both obligations and exceptions, so it is advisable to work with a qualified professional before making any major retirement planning decisions.
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Article sources
We rely only on vetted sources and credible third-party reporting. For details, see our editorial ethics and guidelines.
Social Security Administration (SSA) (1), (3) (4), (5), (6), (7); IRS (2); Intuit Turbotax (8)
This article provides information only and should not be construed as advice. It is provided without warranty of any kind.
